Indonesian History

History of Indonesia covers a very long time span that began in prehistoric times by the discovery of "Java Man", which was 1.7 million years ago. Period of Indonesian history can be divided into five age: pre-colonial era, the emergence of the kingdoms of the Hindu-Buddhism and Islam in Java and Sumatra, which mainly relies on trade; Colonial Era, the introduction of the Europeans (especially the Netherlands) who want spice lead to colonization by Netherlands for about 3.5 centuries between the early 17th century until the mid-20th century; Era Early Independence, post-Proclamation of Indonesian Independence (1945) until the fall of Sukarno (1966); Era New Order, Soeharto's 32 year reign (1966 -1998); and the Reform Era that lasted until now.

Prehistoric
Geologically, the area of modern Indonesia (for convenience, hereinafter referred to as the Archipelago) is a meeting between the three major continental plates: the Eurasian Plate, the Indo-Australian Plate and Pacific Plate (see article Geology of Indonesia). Indonesian archipelago, as there is currently formed during the melting of ice after the end of the Ice Age, 10,000 years ago.
Java replica of human skull was first discovered in Sangiran

During the Pleistocene, when it was still connected with the Asian mainland, come the first settlers. The first evidence that shows the first residents were the fossils of Homo erectus, Java man from the two million to 500,000 years ago. The discovery of the remains "Flores man" (Homo floresiensis) in Liang Bua, Flores, still hold open the possibility of H. erectus until the last Ice Age.

Homo sapiens first entered the archipelago from the estimated 100 000 years ago passed the coastline of Asia from West Asia, and around 50 000 years ago have reached the island of Papua and Australia. They, characterized by racial and dark curly hair tightly (Negroid), a native ancestors Melanesia (including Papua) now and bring culture oval axes (Paleolitikum). A wave of Austronesian-speaking immigrants with the Neolithic cultures to come in waves since 3000 BC from southern China through Formosa and the Philippines to bring culture square shaft (Dong Son culture). This migration process is part of the occupation of the Pacific. The arrival of waves of Mongoloid characteristics of this population tends toward the west, urged residents to the east or the beginning of mating mix with the locals and become a physical characteristic of the population of Maluku and Nusa Tenggara. These newcomers brought with agricultural techniques, including planting rice in paddy fields (at the latest evidence since the 8th century BC), raising water buffalo, bronze and iron processing, weaving techniques, megalithic practices, and worship of spirits ( animism) and sacred objects (dynamism). In the first century BC have been formed settlements and small kingdoms, and so may have entered the influence of trust from India due to trade relations.

Pre-colonial era
Early history
Indian scholars have written about Dwipantara or Dwipa Javanese Hindu kingdom in Java and Sumatra around 200 BC. Initial physical evidence that says the date is from the 5th century Hinduism patterned on the two kingdoms: the kingdom of West Java and mastering Tarumanagara Kutaisi on the coast of the Mahakam River, Borneo. In the 425 years of Buddhism had reached the area.

At the moment Europe entered the Renaissance, the archipelago has had a legacy of thousands of years old civilizations with the two great kingdoms of Sriwijaya in Sumatra and Majapahit in Java, plus dozens of small kingdoms which often becomes a more powerful neighbor vazal or connected to each other in a kind of bond trading ( such as in Maluku).

Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms
In the 4th century until the 7th century in the region of West Java have the character of the Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that is continuing with Tarumanagara kingdom of Sunda kingdom until the 16th century. During the 7th century until the 14th century, the Buddhist kingdom of Sriwijaya in Sumatra growing rapidly. Explorers of the I Ching to visit China around the year 670 the capital of Palembang. At the peak of its glory, the Srivijaya controlled as far as West Java and Peninsular Malays. 14th century also witnessed the rise of a Hindu kingdom in East Java, the Majapahit. Majapahit Patih between the years 1331 to 1364, Gajah Mada, succeeded in obtaining power over the territory which is now mostly are Indonesia and almost all Malays Peninsula. Gajah Mada legacy from the period including the codification of the law and in Javanese culture, as seen in the epic Ramayana.

Islamic empire
Islam as a government presence in Indonesia around the 12th century, but in fact Islam has already arrived in Indonesia in the seventh century AD. At that time there was a busy shipping lane and the international nature through the Strait of Malacca linking the Tang Dynasty in China, the Srivijaya in Southeast Asia and the Umayyad dynasty in Western Asia since the 7th century.

According to Chinese sources towards the end of the third quarter of 7th century, became the leader of an Arab merchant Muslim Arab settlements on the coast of Sumatra. Islam also gives effect to the existing political institutions. This is apparent in the year 100 AH (718 AD) King of Sriwijaya Jambi named Srindravarman send a letter to the Caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz of the Umayyad Caliphate request sent preachers who could explain Islam to him. The letter reads: "From the King of Kings who is the descendant of a thousand kings, whose wife was also grandson of a thousand kings, who in the cage the animals there are a thousand elephants, whose territory there are two rivers that irrigate the tree aloes, spices, perfumes, nutmeg and lime the fragrant camphor fragrance until reaching distance of 12 miles, to the King of Arabs who do not associate other gods with Allah. I have sent to you gift, which is actually a gift that not too much, but just a sign of friendship. I want you to send me someone who can teach Islam to me and explained me about the laws. "Two years later, ie in 720 AD, King Srindravarman, which was originally a Hindu, converted to Islam. Sriwijaya Jambi also known by the name 'Islamic Sribuza'. Unfortunately, in the year 730 AD Sriwijaya Sriwijaya Palembang, Jambi, captured by a still adhered to Buddhism.

Islam continues mengokoh become a political institution that carry Islam. For example, an Islamic sultanate was founded in the name of the Sultanate Peureulak 1 Muharram 225 H or 12 November 839 AD Another example is the kingdom of Ternate. Islam was introduced to this kingdom in the Maluku islands in 1440. Its king, a Muslim named Bayanullah.

Islamic Sultanate later semikin spreading his teachings and through assimilation into the population, replacing the Hindu as a major confidence in the late 16th century in Java and Sumatra. Only Bali retained a majority of Hindus. On the islands in the east, Churchman-known Christian and Muslim clergy have been active in the 16th century and 17th, and currently there are a large majority of both religions on these islands.

The spread of Islam through trade relations outside the archipelago, it is, because the preachers are spreading propaganda or envoys of the Islamic government that came from outside Indonesia, then to feed themselves and their families, the preachers of this work by way of trade, the preachers spreading even this Islam to the traders from the natives, until these traders are embracing Islam and also transmit to the rest of the population, since most merchants and experts was the first kingdom to adopt the new religion. Important Islamic empire including: Royal Ocean Pasai, Sultanate of Banten and establish diplomatic relations with European countries, the Kingdom of Mataram, and the Sultanate and the Sultanate of Ternate in the Maluku Tidore.

Colonial Era
Portuguese and Spanish colonization
Afonso (sometimes also written Alfonso) de Albuquerque. Because of this, which makes the Archipelago region then known by the Europeans and the beginning of centuries of colonization by the Portuguese along with other European nations, especially England and Holland.

From the Tagus River which empties into the Atlantic Ocean the Portuguese fleet that was sailing the Atlantic Ocean, may take a month to three months, past the Cape of Good Hope of Africa, towards the Straits of Malacca. From this exploration to proceed to the Moluccas Islands in search of spices, gold equivalent commodity at the time.

"In the 16th century when the adventure had begun normally sailors Catholic country was blessed by the priest and the king before sailing through the River Tagus," said Teresa. Monastery of St. Dos Jeronimus or the Monastery of Jeronimos Monastery in the Portuguese language was established by King Manuel in 1502 in place when Vasco da Gama started the adventure to the east.

Portuguese Maritime Museum or Museu de Marinha mention it was founded by King Luis on July 22, 1863 to honor the Portuguese maritime history.

In addition to the statue in the park, painting of Afonso de Albuquerque is also a collection of the museum. Below the painting is written, "the governor of India from 1509 to 1515. The foundation stone of the Portuguese Empire in India, based in Ormuz, Goa, and Malacca. Pioneer of sea power policy as a central force kingdom. " Various Portuguese trade goods also exhibited at the museum, even a mound of pepper or pepper.

There are several motivations why the Portuguese Empire began an adventure to the east. Islamic historians and archaeologists in the book Rida Tjandrasasmita Indonesia-Portugal: Five Hundred Years of Historical Relationship (Cepesa, 2002), citing a number of historians, not to mention there is only one motivation of the Kingdom of Portuguese came to Asia. That expansion may be summarized in three words Portuguese language, namely feitoria, Fortaleza, and igreja. Its literal meaning is gold, glory, and churches or trade, military dominance, and the spread of Catholicism.

According to Rida, Albuquerque, the Portuguese governor of the Estado da India Secondly, the Portuguese Empire in Asia, was the main architect of the Portuguese expansion into Asia. From Goa, he led an expedition to Malacca straight and got there early in July 1511 brought 15 large and small vessels and 600 soldiers. He and his troops defeated the Malacca August 10, 1511. Since then the Portuguese controlled the spice trade from Asia to Europe. After conquering Malacca, the Portuguese expedition led by Antonio de Abreu reached the Moluccas, the spice center.

Triumph Portuguese Period in the archipelago
Period 1511-1526, over 15 years, the archipelago became an important maritime port for the Kingdom of Portugal, which regularly become a maritime route to get to the island of Sumatra, Java, Banda, and the Moluccas.

In 1511 the Portuguese defeated the kingdom of Malacca.
In 1512 the Portuguese to establish communication with the Kingdom of Sunda to sign a trade agreement, especially pepper. Trade agreement is then manifested on August 21, 1522 in the form of contract documents created duplicate, one copy to the king of Sunda and one for the king of Portugal. On the same day built a tablet called the inscription of the Sunda-Portugal Agreement in a place which is now the corner of Clove Road and East First Street Kali Besar, West Jakarta. With this agreement, the Portuguese allowed to build a warehouse or a fort at Sunda Kelapa.

In the year 1512 also sends Antonio Afonso de Albuquerque and Francisco Serrao Albreu to lead the fleet to find a way into the home of spices in the Moluccas. Throughout the trip, they stopped in Madura, Bali and Lombok. Skipper-skipper using Java, the fleet arrived in the Banda Islands, continue toward North Maluku until arriving at Ternate.

Portuguese presence in Indonesia's archipelagic waters and has left traces of history that to this day is still maintained by local communities in the archipelago, particularly Flores, Solor and the Moluccas, in Jakarta Kampong monument located in the eastern part of Jakarta, between the time Cakung, Cilincing beach and soil Marunda.

Europeans first discovered the Moluccas is Portuguese, in the year 1512. At that time, two Portuguese fleet, each under the leadership of Anthony d'Abreu and Francisco Serau, landed in Banda Islands and Turtle Island. Once they make friends with residents and local lords - such as with Kingdom of Ternate on the island of Ternate, the Portuguese were given permission to establish a stronghold in Pikaoli, nor long Hitu Affairs, and Mamala Ambon.Namun Island spice trade relations did not last long , since the Portuguese introduced a system of monopoly at the same time doing the spread of Christianity. One is a famous missionary Francis Xavier. Arrived in Ambon, 14 February 1546, then traveled on to Ternate, arrived in 1547, and the tireless in their visits to the islands in the Maluku Islands to conduct religious propaganda. Portuguese Friendship and Ternate ended in 1570. Battle with Sultan Babullah during five years (1570-1575), allowed the Portuguese had to leave and expelled from the Tidore Ternate and Ambon.

Maluku people's resistance against the Portuguese, the Dutch used to set foot in the Moluccas. In 1605, the Dutch succeeded in forcing the Portuguese to give up its defense in Ambon to Steven van der Hagen and the Tidore to Sebastiansz Cornelisz. Similarly, the British fort at Kambelo, Seram Island, destroyed by the Dutch. Since then the Dutch overran large parts of Maluku. The position of the Dutch in the Moluccas getting stronger with the establishment of the VOC in 1602, and since then the Dutch became the sole ruler of the Moluccas. Under the leadership of Jan Pieterszoon Coen, Chief Operating Officer of the VOC, the clove trade in the Moluccas sepunuh under the control of VOC for nearly 350 years. For this purpose, the VOC did not hesitate to drive out competitors, Portuguese, Spanish, and English. Even tens of thousands of people become victims of brutality VOC Maluku.

then they built a fort at Ternate in 1511, then in 1512 built the Citadel in Amurang North Sulawesi. Portuguese lost the war with Spain, the north Sulawesi area submitted in Spanish rule (1560 to 1660). Portuguese kingdom later united with the Kingdom of Spain. (Read the book: Portuguese Colonial History in Indonesia, by David DS Lumoindong). 17th-century merchant fleet came VOC (Dutch) who later managed to expel the Portuguese from Ternate, which then backwards and mastering Portuguese East Timor (since 1515).

Colonialism and Imperialism in Indonesia started to emerge around the 15th century, which begins with the landing of the Portuguese in Malacca and the Netherlands, led the nation Cornelis de Houtmen in the year 1596, to find the source of spices and trade.

People's resistance against the Portuguese
The arrival of the Portuguese into the Malay Peninsula and the Moluccas is the command from his country to trade.

Popular Resistance against Portuguese Malacca
In 1511, the Portuguese fleet led by the Kingdom of Albuquerque attacked Malacca. To attack the colonial Portuguese in Malacca which occurred in 1513 have failed because of the power of Portuguese and more powerful weapons. In 1527, the fleet under the command of Demak Falatehan can competently Bantam, Suda Palm, and Cirebon. Can be destroyed by the Portuguese fleet Falatehan and he later changed the name of Sunda Kelapa to Jayakarta (Jakarta)

Acehnese people's resistance against the Portuguese
Beginning in 1554 until the year 1555, the Portuguese efforts failed because the Portuguese had harsh resistance from the people of Aceh. At the time of Sultan Iskandar Muda in power, the Kingdom of Aceh was attacked the Portuguese in Malacca in 1629.

People's resistance against the Portuguese Moluccas
The Portuguese first landed in Maluku in 1511. The next Portuguese arrival in 1513. However, Tertnate felt disadvantaged by the Portuguese because of their greed to obtain monopoly profits through the efforts of the spice trade.

In 1533, the Sultan of Ternate, Maluku calls upon all people to expel the Portuguese in the Moluccas. In 1570, the people of Ternate, which was led by Sultan Hairun can again take the fight against the Portuguese, but can be fooled by the Portuguese until it was killed in Fort Duurstede. Furthermore Baabullah led by the Sultan in 1574. Portuguese expelled who then lived on the island of Timor.

Spanish colonization
Fernando Magelhans (sometimes also written Ferdinand) Magelan. Because of this character, who led the first fleet to circumnavigate the world and prove that the earth is round, when it was known by Europeans of the earth was flat. Commencement of colonization for centuries by Spain with other European nations, especially the Portuguese, English and Dutch.

From Spain to the Pacific Ocean, the Portuguese fleet that was sailing the Pacific Ocean, past the Cape of Good Hope of Africa, towards the Straits of Malacca. From this exploration to proceed to the Moluccas Islands in search of spices, gold equivalent commodity at the time.

"In the 16th century when the adventure had begun normally sailors Catholic country was blessed by the priest and the king before sailing through the ocean.

On September 20, 1519, San Antonio, Concepción, Victoria, and Santiago, the largest to the smallest-carrier following the Magellan, Trinidad, the second largest ship, as they set sail for South America. On December 13, they reached Brazil, and Pao de Açúcar, staring, or Sugarloaf Mountain, which is impressive, they entered the bay of Rio de Janeiro is wonderful to repair and replenish provisions. Then they continued south into what is now Argentina, constantly searching for el paso, the elusive path that leads to other oceans. Meanwhile, the air gets colder and the ice began to appear. Finally, on March 31, 1520, Magellan decided to spend the winter in the port of San Julián cold.

Sailing has now been time consuming six times longer than the voyage of Columbus across the Atlantic Ocean is the first time and have not seen any one strait! Their morale began as cold weather in San Julián, and men, including some of the captain and officers, feeling desperate and want to go home. It is not surprising that an uprising. However, thanks to quick and decisive action on the part of Magellan, it was foiled and the two rebel leaders killed.

The presence of foreign ships in the harbor must have attracted the attention of local residents and strong-burly. Feel like a dwarf compared to these giants, the visitors called the land of Patagonia, the Spanish word meaning "big feet"-to this day. They also observe 'sea wolves of the calf, as well as black and white geese that swim underwater, eat fish, and has a beak like a crow'. Of course not no other than the seals and penguins!

Latitude polar regions tend to experience a violent storm suddenly, and before the winter ended, the fleet suffered little pertamnya-Santiago. However, fortunately the crew can be rescued from the sinking ship that. After that, the four surviving ship, like a little winged moths that hit in the middle of the frozen ocean currents and still not subsided, fight tooth and nail heading south to colder waters, until 21 October. Sailing under the pouring rain that freezes, all eyes glued to a crack in the west. El paso? Yes! Finally, they turned and entered the strait later known as the Strait of Magellan! However, even this moment of triumph is spoiled. San Antonio deliberately disappeared in the middle of a complex network of the strait, and returned to Spain.

All three ships are still surviving, diimpit by a narrow gulf between snow-covered cliffs, with persistent sailed past the winding strait that. Brand watched so many fires in the south, possibly from the camp of the Indians, so they called the land Tierra del Fuego, "Land of Fire."

Magellan arrived in the Philippines took a lot of local people and their rulers to Catholicism. But his spirit is also the destruction. He became involved in tribal disputes and, with only 60 men, attacked the indigenous population around 1500, with the belief that the gun arc, ancient guns, and God will ensure his victory. Instead, he and a number of his subordinates were killed. Magellan was about 41 years. Pigafetta loyal wailing, 'They kill the reflection, lights, entertainers, and our true guide. " A few days later, about 27 officers who only watch from their ship, was killed by tribal leaders who previously friendly.


Because now the number of cruise crew live a little, it is impossible to set sail with three ships, so they drown Concepción and sail with two ships are still living to their final destination, Spice Islands. Then, after filling in charge with the spices, the two ships separated. However, the crew of Trinidad was captured by the Portuguese and imprisoned.

However, Victoria, under the command of former rebel Juan Sebastián de Elcano, escaped. While avoiding all the ports except one, they risk the Portuguese route around the Cape of Good Hope. However, without stopping to replenish provisions is an expensive strategy. When they finally reached Spain on 6 September 1522-three years since their departure, only 18 men were sick and helpless survivors. Nevertheless, should not be denied that they are the first person to sail around the earth. Juan Sebastián de Elcano was a hero. What a wonderful thing, loads of spices Victoria weighing 26 tons cover the cost of the entire expedition!

When one ship survived, Victoria, returned to port after completing the trip around the world for the first time, only 18 men from the 237 men who were on the ship in the early departure. Among survivors, there are two Italians, Antonio Pigafetta and Martino de Judicibus. Martino de Judicibus (Spanish: Martín de Judicibus) adalan people of Genoa [1] which acts as the Head Waiter. It works by Ferdinand Magellan on its historic journey to find a western route to the spice islands of Indonesia. [2] History of the journey is enshrined in the nominative registration on the Archivo General de Indias in Seville, Spain. The family name was called with the appropriate Latin patronimik, namely: "de Judicibus". At first he was assigned to the Caravel Concepción, one in five of Spain's fleet of Magellan. Martino de Judicibus start this expedition with the title of captain. (Read more about in the book "History of Colonial Spanish in Indonesia" by David DS Lumoindong.


Before mastering the Philippine Islands in 1543, Spain made the island of Manado Tua to obtain fresh water. From these islands the Spanish ships entered the North-Sulawesi mainland by river Tondano. Spanish relations with the population of travelers stranded inland through the barter economy began in Uwuran (now city Amurang) edge of the river Rano I Apo. Barter trade in the form of rice, resins, honey and other forest products with fish and salt.

Coffee Warehouse Manado and Minahasa be crucial for Spain, because the soil fertility and use Spanish for the planting Kofi originating from South-America to be marketed to Mainland China. For Manado were built as a commercial center for the Chinese traders who sell Kofi kedaratan China. Manado name included in the map of the world by experts the world map, Nicolas_Desliens, in 1541. Galway is also a public appeal by Kofi China as an export commodity hinterland communities of Manado and Minahasa. Pioneered the development of Chinese traders, Kofi warehouse (now around 45 markets), which later became Chinatown and the settlement. The mix of immigrants from mainland China and assimilated into rural communities and to form a pluralistic society in Manado and Minahasa with derivatives Spanish, Portuguese and Dutch.

The appearance of the name of Manado in North Sulawesi with various commercial activities undertaken Portuguese Spanish main attraction since established its position in Ternate. For the Portuguese Catholic mission sends approach to land in Manado and Minahasa in 1563 and developed a religious and Catholic education. Effect of race in the Celebes Sea Adu

Between Minahasa with Ternate there are two small island called Mayu and Tafure. Then the two islands had been used as a transit port by sailors Minahasa. At that time there is competition Portuguese and Spanish in which Spain won two islands. Pandey Tombulu origin who became king on the island run by a fleet of boats back to the Minahasa, but because the west wind season and stranded in Gorontalo. Pandey boy named Potangka continue the journey and arrived at Ratahan. In Ratahan, he was appointed commander of the war because she was an expert shot guns and rifles to fight attackers from the Portuguese Mongondouw in the area. Year 1563 Ratahan region known as Ternate people with the name "Watasina" because when it attacked the fleet Kora Kora menhalau Ternate to Spain from the region (the book "De Katholieken hare en Missie" AJ Van Aernsbergen writing). Year 1570 Portuguese and Spanish conspiring to kill the king of Ternate, thus making a big fuss in Ternate. When that many Islamic traders fled to Ternate and Tidore Ratahan. Pirate attacks increased in Ratahan through Bentenan, pirates used the slaves as rowers. Pirate captive slaves fled to Ratahan when nighttime pirate boat fleet was damaged soldiers Ratahan - barely. Tentative conclusions that we can take from this story collection is the original inhabitants of this region is Touwuntu in lowland areas to the beach Toulumawak in the mountains, they are descendants Opok Soputan seventh century. Name opposition "this Soputan walak reappeared as head of the 16th century the area with the head walak Raliu brothers and Potangkuman. 16th-century inhabitants of this region comes from the native population and migrants from Tombulu, Tompakewa (Tontemboan), Tonsea, Ternate and pirate prisoners as possible from the Sangihe.

Minahasa Struggle Against Spain
Oki Queen in 1644 ranges up to 1683. At that time, there was a great war between the child Tombatu tribe (also commonly referred to Toundanow or Tonsawang) with the Spaniards. The war was triggered by the child's tribe Tombatu displeasure against the Spaniards who wanted to control the trade of commodities, especially rice, which at that time is the result of the reliable citizens of earth time. Besides, anger is also caused by evil Spaniards against local residents, especially to its women. The war has resulted in the deaths of 40 Spanish soldiers in Kali and Stone (Stone location Lesung now - ed). Naasnya, on the child's tribe Tombatu, has resulted in the deaths Commander Monde with nine soldiers. Monde commander is none other than her husband of Queen Oki. According to that recounted in the paper, the Commander Monde died after desperately defending his wife, Queen Oki.Menurut PA Gosal, et al., In the reign of Queen Oki, son of the tribe Toundanow (another name for the child's tribe or Tonsawang Tombatu) that inhabit the surrounding lakes Bulilin live prosperous, secure and peaceful. "The wisdom and the wisdom to lead children Toudanow the tribe as well as the Queen approved Oki Tonaas or Balian. During kepemimpinnan Queen Oki, Spain and the Netherlands have never mastered or colonize Toundanow children, "

War opponents Spain Minahasa

The crew of Spanish sailors stayed in Minahasa and even mingle with the community. They married women Minahasa, so they became brothers with descendants of indigenous citizens.

Year 1643 Minaesa States war against the kingdom of Spain. in a war in Tompaso, Spanish troops assisted the king's army was beaten Loloda Mokoagouw II defeat, backed by the combined forces Minaesa union, being chased up the beach but

Year 1694 in a war in Tompaso, the king's army was beaten Loloda Mokoagouw II defeat, backed by the combined forces Minaesa union, being chased up the beach but is prevented and mediated by the Resident VOC Herman Jansz Steynkuler. In the year 1694 dated September 21, they held a peace agreement, and set the border is the river Poigar Minahasa. Minaesa States troops from occupied Tompaso New Tompaso, Rumoong settled in Rumoong Down, down Kawangkoan Kawangkoan inhabit, and so forth.

Pasa Dutch colonial rule on the original is still an autonomous region but over time the power of kings gradually reduced with the appointment of the king became the Dutch government officials, so the king's residence to the area-level officials 'district'.

Year 1521 Beginning Spanish Sign Indonesian waters
Trinidad crew captured by the Portuguese and imprisoned and then with the help of sailors from the kingdom Babontewu Minahasa Manado and they can escape. The 12 sailors were then dwells dipedalaman Minahasa, to continue to Pontak Amurang, then after a few years they can make contact again with the Spanish fleet which had returned to the Philippines. 1522 Spain started the colonization of North Sulawesi in 1560 Spain established the post in Manado

Minahasa role as the rice granary of Spain while doing the business a total mastery of the Philippines.

In 1550 Spain has set up a fortress in the deceptive manner Head Wenang Walak howled Lasut uses cowhide from Bengal of India who led the Portuguese to the Minahasa. Land area of cow leather which is the land area of referred spanish strap made of cowhide. Spain then use Mongodouw person to occupy the Portuguese fort at Amurang 1550s in Spain and eventually to occupy the Minahasa. And Dotu Walak Head (Head of State) have a child wails Lasut Tonaas fruit Wuri 'Young.

Kema name associated with the construction of military bases de Soisa Bartholomeo Spain when it landed in 1651 and founded the port in the area called 'La Quimas.' The locals know this area with the name 'Maadon' or too 'Kawuudan.' The location of the Spanish fort located at the mouth of the river Kema, called by the Dutch, "Spanyaardsgat," or Liang Spain.

Dr. J.G.F. Riedel mentions that the Spanish Armada had landed in exactly 100 years sebelumnya.Kema Kema develops as the mother country since the era of government Pakasaan Tonsea Dotulong Xavier, after taranak taranak Tonsea-old began to leave the country, namely Tonsea Ure and establish a new township-village. Xavier Letter Dotulong on three Februrari 1770 to the Governor of the VOC in Ternate revealed that his father, I. Runtukahu Lumanauw live in Kema and pioneered the development of this city. This was confirmed by the Ukung in Manado that claims to be descended dotu Bogi, eldest son of some dotu brothers as also cited in the letter of the Governor of Ternate Dotulong return to Xavier on November 1, 1772.

Origin of name Kema
Dutch missionaries, Domine Jacobus Montanus in his trip report letter on November 17, 1675, mentions that the name of Kema, referring to the term of Spain, is a mountain range which stretches from North to South. He writes that the word 'Tridacna' comes from the Minahasa, meaning conch. While the notion 'Kema' which comes from the Spanish word, 'Quema' ie, flame, or well lit. Understanding the actions associated with the Spanish sailors often make mischief burned area. Governor Robertus Padtbrugge in memory handover on August 31, 1682 mentions this place as "Pack of Grote Oesterbergen," meaning big mountains

resembles a large shell. While the word Tonsea called 'Tonseka,' because it is located in the region Pakasaan Tonsea.

Hendrik Berton August 3, 1767 in the memory, Kema described as a port for the season in addition to the West Wind, also became the mother country Tonsea. This occurred due to disagreement between Manado with Kema by bird's nest on the island dispute Lembeh. Ukung-ukung party in Manado demanding equal rights in sharing with ukung-ukung Kema. Old time Ukung Dotulong Kema is Xavier.

Portuguese and Spanish is the cornerstone to expand the power of the Roman Catholic Church made the Ottoman empire in the Mediterranean in the XV century. Besides Portuguese and Spanish are also camps for entrepreneurs and skilled workers when the origin of Constantinople from the Turks ruled the Ottoman empire in 1453. The settlement includes a transfer of knowledge and the maritime economy in Southern Europe. Since rose Portuguese and Spanish became great powers in Europe. Transfer of knowledge obtained from the original settlers of Constantinople which allows for both the country's expanding Hispanic new territories outside the mainland of Europe and the Mediterranean. The main target is the Asia-East and Southeast Asia. At first, the expansion of territory between two countries divided into Tordisalles agreement, in 1492. Whereas Spanish Portuguese East towards the West. That time there has been no picture of the world was round. Recently recognized as vessels display both sides met in the waters of the Celebes Sea. This fact also be the cause of a process of reformation of the church, because not all the "fatwa" of the church is the Law, until the image of the power of the Pope as a ruler and representative of God on earth and of absolute theokratis government system collapsed. This failure occurred with the advent of the Protestant Church Martin Luther and Calvin longer in Europe which later spread also to the different European colonies in Asia, Africa and America.

From Tordisalles agreement, the Portuguese coastal track from the African coast and Indian Ocean. While the Spanish track of the Atlantic, the South American continent and sailed the Pacific Ocean. The meeting occurred when Spanish ships led Ferdinand Maggelan browse the Pacific and arrived on the island Kawio, Sangir and Talaud archipelago in the Celebes Sea in 1521. To prevent competition in the waters of the Celebes Sea and North Maluku, both parties update the path through the agreement Saragosa in 1529. The agreement divides the region by conducting boundary line of seventeen degrees east longitude in the waters of North Maluku. But in the agreement,

Spain felt disadvantaged because they do not achieve commercial traffic with the archipelago spice. For that sent an expedition to the Western Pacific in 1542. In February of that year five Spanish ships with 370 crew leadership of Ruy Lopez de Villalobos to the mansions of the Western Pacific from Mexico. The objective is to undertake a major expansion at the same time obtain the concession area and the spice trade in the North.

From this voyage landed Villalobos digugusan North archipelago called the Philippines, was taken from the name of the son of King Carlos V, ie, Prince Philip, heir to the kingdom of Spain. Even if the Philippines does not produce spices, but the arrival of the Spanish archipelago digugusan caused strong protests from the Portuguese. The reason is because the cluster of islands located in the western part, within its territory. While concentrating his attention on the Middle-America, Spain still wants concessions Maluku spice trade-dominated North who also want the Portuguese. But Spain pressured by the Portuguese to retreat to the Philippines. As a result Spain lost influence in North Sulawesi, which had previously been pockets of economic and community relationships with the Minahasa.

Introduction kuliler Spaniard in Minahasa
War in the southern Philippines also affect the economy of Spain. The main causes of the defeat of Spain also from the action of rebellion rower who serve Spanish ships. The system relies on Spanish shipping rower generally consists of the slaves of Spain. Usually ships Spain served approximately 500-600 oarsmen who are generally drawn from the population of Spanish-controlled territory. Rowers generally rebellion occurs when food rations running low and too limited in the long voyage, to overcome the Spanish spread the planting of crops including a variety of chili (rica), ginger (goraka), turmeric etc.

All are cultivated in each controlled territory to supply food logistics crews and hundreds of rowers.

Since then eating culture "pidis" that the potion with a variety of cooking spices that Spanish seamen introduced to spread rapidly and be a hobby Minahasa society.

There are also interesting from kuliler Spanish heritage, namely Panada culture. This cake is also the origin of the Latin-American population which was brought by the Spaniards through the trajectory Pacific. The difference is, the dough panada, the contents of the beef or lamb, while the typical panada Minahasa in the content of the fish.

Kema Town is the settlement of the Spaniards, starting from the "flippers" who settled and did not want to return to their ancestral land. They married local women and lived for generations. Kema later also known as the travelers Germany, Holland and England. They are also blended and assimilated with the local population, so that at Kema formed pluralistic society with a culture and enriches Minahasa plural and harmonious coexistence. That is why until the Minahasa people do not face the awkward and sociable people of the West.

Getting rid of the Spanish colonization movement of the opponent
Minahasa also been at war with Spain that began in 1617 and ended in 1645. The war was triggered by the injustice of the Spanish against the Minahasa people, especially in the rice trade, as the main commodity at the time. Open war happen later in the year 1644-1646. End of the war was a total defeat of Spain, thus successfully expelled by the waranei (Minahasa knights).

Indonesia's Economic Impact for Northern Spain
Diplomacy Walak government leaders approached the Dutch managed to expel Spain from Minahasa. But the consequences must be faced is the longer route to the Pacific ocean commercial pilot results of Spain since the 17th century affect the economy stalled and North Sulawesi. Because of this trade route is very useful for the spread of commodity exports to the Pacific. Since rose port of Manado became quiet and did not develop that influence the development of Eastern Indonesia region until the Southwest Pacific. On the other hand, only a stopover port of Manado trade route from the South (based in Surabaya, Tanjung Priok, built by the Dutch since the XVIII century) to East Asia through the path of Makassar Strait. IBHS is used only when the seasonal South China Sea in the Netherlands is not for the ferocious waves of ships. Meanwhile, all lanes of the East-Asian trade was centered over the South China Sea, Strait of Malacca, Indian Ocean, North Atlantic-Cape of Good Hope which is the center of world trade.

As a result of economic relations activities around the Sulawesi Sea directly with the outside world practically abandoned. Because the distribution of all commodities throughout the archipelago cluster solely governed by the Batavia which controls all commercial network governance under one-door policy. This emphasis brings the prolonged suffering for the population of rural Minahasa operations.

110.139.236.209 18:35, 31 Juli 2010 (UTC)

Colonization timeline
Spanish colonization
* 1521 Spain began his adventures in North Sulawesi
o 1560 the Spanish founded the post in Manado.
o 1617 people's resistance movement Minahasa in North Sulawesi to expel colonial Spain.
o expelled from Spain in 1646 and Minahasa in North Sulawesi. The next year Spain is still trying to persuade the kingdom about to reclaim the Minahasa but failed, most recently by supporting Bolaang Mongondow ended in 1692.

Portuguese colonization
* 1509 Portuguese first arrived in Malacca.
* April 1511, the Portuguese Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque decided to sail from Goa to Melaka.
o August 10, troops controlled Albuquerque Melaka.
o Sultan of Melaka fled to Riau.
o Portuguese in Melaka to destroy the fleet of Java. The ship sank with all their possessions on the way back to Goa.
o Patih Unus conquer Jepara
o December, Albuquerque sent three ships under Antonio de Abreu from Melaka to crawl towards the East.

* 1512 Journey expedition De Abreu from Melaka to Madura, Bali, Lombok, Aru and Banda.
o Two ships damaged in Banda. Da Breu back to Melaka; Francisco Serrão fix the ship and continue heading to Ambon, Ternate, and Tidore. Serrão offers support for Ternate in a dispute with Tidore, troops set up a Portuguese post at Ternate.
* 1513 from Jepara and Palembang forces attacked the Portuguese in Malacca, but was repelled. March, the Portuguese sent an envoy to meet the King of Sunda in Pajajaran. Portuguese were allowed to build a fort at Sunda Kelapa (now Jakarta).
o Portuguese contact the King Air, a subsidiary of Girindrawardhana and former ruler of the Majapahit kingdom
o Portuguese to build factories in Ternate and Bacan.
o The air attack with the help of the King of Demak Klungkung from Bali. Majapahit troops were repulsed, but Sunan Ngudung killed in combat. Many supporters fled to Bali Majapahit.

* 1514
o Mughayat Ali Shah founded the Sultanate of Aceh, and became the first Sultan of Aceh.

* 1515
o Portuguese first arrived in the East.

* 1518
o Sultan Mahmud of Melaka took over power in Johore.
Raden Patah o death; Patih Unus becomes Sultan of Demak.

* 1520
o Aceh began to master the northeastern coast of Sumatra.
o People Lombok Bali attack.
o The Portuguese traders began to visit Flores and Solor.
o Banjar of Kalimantan to Islam.

1521 - 1530

* 1521
o Unus led the fleet from Demak and Cirebon against the Portuguese in Malacca. Unus was killed in battle. Trenggono becomes Sultan of Demak.
o Portuguese captured Pasai in Sumatra;
o Gunungjati (from Cirebon) left Pasai go to Mecca.
o The last ship of the world sailing expedition mengeliling Magelhaenz antarapulau Lembata and Pantar in Nusa Tenggara.

* 1522
o February under a Portuguese expedition arrived in Banda De Brito.
o May, the expedition arrived in Ternate De Brito, Portuguese build a fort.
o Kingdom of Sunda, which still are Hindus, requested Portuguese aid against possible attack Muslim Demak. The contract was signed and a built in Sundanese Padrão Kalapa
o Remnants Magelhaenz expeditions around the world visit East.
o The Portuguese built a fortress in Hitu, Ambon.

* 1523
o Gunungjati returning from Mecca, returned to Cirebon, Demak and settled in, married the sister of the Sultan Trenggono.

* 1524
o Gunungjati of Cirebon and the son of Hasanuddin (in Banten) conducted a secret propaganda openly and to weaken the West Java capital of Sunda Kingdom Pajajaran and its alliance with the Portuguese. Local authorities in Banten, which was dependent on Pajajaran, converted to Islam and joined the party of Cirebon and Demak.
o Pasai seize Aceh and northern Sumatra Pedir.

* 1525
o Hasanuddin (from Bantam), son of Gunungjati (from Cirebon), doing missionary in Lampung.

* 1526
o The Portuguese built the first fort in the East.

* 1527
Demak o conquer Kediri, remnants of the Hindu kingdom of Majapahit; Sultan-Sultan of Demak claims as the successor of Majapahit; Sunan Kudus participate.
o Demark win Tuban.
o Cirebon, Demak assisted, occupying Sunda Kelapa, the port of Sunda kingdom. Fatahilah changed his name to White Rose. (Success is said to be thanks to the leadership "Fatahillah"-or, in accordance with Portuguese sayings mistake, "Falatehan"-but maybe this is the name given to Sunan Gunungjati from Cirebon.) The Sunda Kingdom of port security guards pushed back to leave coastal areas. Thus the construction of a warehouse or fortress according to the agreement between the Portuguese trade with the Kingdom of Sunda null materialized.
o Royal Palakaran in Madura, which is based in Arosbaya (now Bangkalan), converted to Islam under Kyai Pratanu.
o Expedition from Spain and Mexico trying to expel the Portuguese from the Moluccas.

* 1529
Demak o conquer Madiun.
o The kings of Spain and Portugal agree that Maluku should belong to Portugal, and the Philippines belong to Spain.

* 1530
o Sultan Salahuddin into Aceh.
o Surabaya and Pasuruan subject to Demak. Demak seize Balambangan, the last Hindu kingdom in the eastern tip of Java.
o widespread from Gowa starting from Makassar.
o expand its influence over Lampung Banten.

1531 - 1540

* 1536
o major attacks against Johore Portuguese.
o Antonio da Galvão was governor of the Portuguese post at Ternate; establish the post Portuguese in Ambon.
o Portuguese brought the Sultan of Ternate Tabariji to Goa for suspicious activities of anti Portuguese activity, replacing it with his brothers.
* 1537
o The attack on Melaka failed Aceh. Salahuddin of Aceh was replaced by I. Shah Alaudin Riayat

* 1539
o Aceh on the southern Batak tribe attacked them.

* 1540
o Portuguese associated with Gowa.
o Butung Sultanate was established.

1541 - 1550

* 1545
Demak o conquer Malang.Gowa build forts in Ujung Pandang.

* 1546
o Balambangan Demak attacked but failed.
o Trenggono from Demak died and was replaced by Prawata. Law, Joko Tingkir expand its influence from Pajang (near Sukoharjo now).
o St. Francis Xavier went to Morotai, Ambon, and Ternate.

* 1547
o Aceh attack Melaka.

* 1550
o Portuguese began to build forts in Flores.

1551 - 1560

* 1551
o The Portuguese attacked Malacca Johore with help from Jepara.
o The armies of the Sultanate of Ternate Jailolo in Halmahera mastered with the help of the Portuguese.

* 1552
o Hasanuddin broke away and founded the Sultanate of Demak, Banten, Lampung and then grab for the new Empire.
o Aceh send an ambassador to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul.

* 1558
o Leiliato lead an army to attack the Portuguese from Ternate in Hitu.
o The Portuguese built a fortress on Bacan.
o Ki Ageng archery received from Joko Tinggir Mataram district, ruled in Pajang.
o smallpox outbreak in Ternate.

* 1559
o The missionaries landed in Portuguese Timor. Khairun becomes Sultan of Ternate.

* 1560
o Portuguese established trading posts and missions in Panarukan, on the eastern tip of Java.
o The Spanish founded the post in Manado.

1561 - 1570

* 1561
o Sultan of Demak Prawata died.
o Portuguese Dominican mission established in Solor.

* 1564
o smallpox outbreak in Ambon.

* 1565
o Aceh attack Johore.
o Kutai in Kalimantan became Muslim.

* 1566
o Portuguese Dominican mission in Solor built a stone fortress.

* 1568
o The attack which failed by the Aceh on Portuguese Melaka.

* 1569
o The Portuguese built a wooden fort on the island of Ambon.

* 1570
o Aceh Johore to attack again, but failed.
o Sultan of Ternate Khairun signed a peace treaty with the Portuguese, but the next day he was poisoned. Portuguese agents suspected of doing it. Babullah became Emperor (up to * 1583), and vowed to drive the Portuguese out of their strongholds.
o Maulana Yusuf became the Sultan of Banten.

1571 - 1580

* 1571
o Alaudin Riayet Shah's death, turmoil in Aceh until 1607.

* 1574
o Jepara led a failed attack on Melaka.

* 1575
o Sultan Babullah expel the Portuguese from Ternate. Therefore, the Portuguese built a fortress in Tidore.

* 1576
o The Portuguese built a fortress in the town of Ambon is now.

* 1577
o Ki Ageng archery set Kota Gede (near Yogyakarta is now).

* 1579
o Bantam attack and crush the remnants of Pajajaran seize the Kingdom of Sunda, and make it Islamic. The last king of Sunda reluctant convert to Islam, namely Ragamulya or Prabu Prabu Suryakancana, leaving the capital of the Kingdom of Sunda and died on the run in Bantam.
o November, Sir Francis Drake from the British, after attacking Spanish ships and ports in America, arrived in Ternate. Babullah Sultan, who also hated the Spaniards, entered into an agreement of friendship with Britain.

* 1580
o Maulana Muhammad becomes the Sultan of Banten.
o Portugal fell into the hands of the Spanish empire; Portuguese colonial efforts ignored.
o Drake visits Sulawesi and Java, on the way back to Britain.
o Ternate Butung mastered.

* 1581
o Around this time, Kyai Ageng Mataram archery took over the district (which has been promised to him by Joko Tingkir, which postponed until Wali Songo Sunan Kalijaga of urgency), changed its name to Kyai gedhe Mataram.

* 1584
o Sutawijaya succeeded his father Kyai gedhe Mataram as the local government of Mataram, ruled from Kota Gede.

* 1585
o Sultan sent a letter to Elizabeth I of Britain.
o Portuguese ship which was sent to build a fort and mission in Bali right on the offshore wreck.

* 1587
o Sutawijaya beat Joko Tingkir Pajang and died; transferred to Sutawijaya lineage. Mount Merapi erupts.
o attack the Portuguese in Malacca Johore.
o Portuguese signed a peace treaty with the Sultan of Aceh.
o Sir Thomas Cavendish of Britain visited Java.

* 1588
o Sutawijaya renamed Senopati; seize Pajang and Demak.

* 1590
o The original village was founded in Medan.

1591 - 1659

* 1591
o Senopati seize Madiun and Kediri.
o Sir James Lancaster from Britain arrived in Aceh and Penang, but his mission failed.
o attack the Portuguese in Ambon Ternate.

* 1593
o besieged the Portuguese in Ambon Ternate back.

* 1595
o 2 April, the Dutch expedition under De Houtman went to the Dutch East Indies.
o Suriansyah make a Sultanate of Banjar of Kalimantan (Banjarmasin later).
o The Portuguese built the fort in Ende, Flores.

Colonization VOC
Starting in 1602 the Netherlands gradually became the ruler of what is now Indonesian territory, by exploiting divisions among the small kingdoms that had replaced Majapahit. The only one not affected is of Portuguese Timor, which remains controlled by Portugal until 1975 when integrated into Indonesian province called East Timor. The Dutch controlled Indonesia for nearly 350 years, except for a short period in which a small part of Indonesia ruled Britain after the Anglo-Dutch Java War and the period of Japanese occupation during World War II. When colonizing Indonesia, Netherlands East Indies Netherlands developed into one of the world's richest colonial power. 350 years of Dutch colonial rule for some people is a myth because the newly conquered territory of Aceh after the Netherlands close to bankruptcy.
VOC logo

In the 17th century the Dutch East Indies and 18 are not controlled directly by the Dutch government but by a trading company called the Dutch East Indies Company (Dutch: Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC). VOC has been given monopoly rights to trade and colonial activities in the area by the Dutch Parliament in 1602. Headquarters are in Batavia, now Jakarta.

VOC main purpose was to defend the monopoly of the spice trade in the archipelago. This is done through the use and threat of violence against the population on the island spice, and against people of non-Dutch who tried to trade with their resident. For example, when the population of the Banda Islands continued to sell seeds of nutmeg to the British merchants, the Dutch troops to kill or deport almost the entire population and then populating the islands with the servants or slaves who worked in the nutmeg plantations.

VOC became involved in the internal politics of Java at this time, and fought in several wars involving the leaders of Mataram and Banten.

Colonization of the Dutch government
After the VOC went bankrupt in the late 18th century and after a short British rule under Thomas Stamford Raffles, the Dutch government took over ownership of the VOC in the year 1816. A successful rebellion was crushed in Java Java War in 1825-1830. After the year 1830 the compulsory system, known as cultuurstelsel in Dutch began to be applied. In this system, the residents were forced to plant the results of the plantation into the world market demand at that time, such as tea, coffee etc.. Yield was then exported to foreign countries. These systems bring great wealth to the executive - both the Dutch and the Indonesian. This cultivation system is a government monopoly and was abolished in that time more freely after 1870.

In 1901 the Dutch adopted what they called the Ethical Policy (Dutch: a political Ethische), which included greater investment in education for indigenous people, and little political change. Under the governor-generals J.B. van Heutsz Dutch East Indies government to extend direct colonial rule throughout the Dutch East Indies, and thereby establish the foundation for the current state of Indonesia.

Nationalism movement
In 1905 the first nationalist movement, the Islamic Trade Union was formed and was followed in 1908 by the nationalist movements that followed, Budi Utomo. The Dutch responded after the First World War with repressive measures. Nationalist leaders came from small groups consisting of young professionals and students, some of whom have been educated in the Netherlands. Many of those who were imprisoned for political activities, including Indonesia's first president, Sukarno.

World War II
In May 1940, the beginning of World War II, the Netherlands was occupied by Nazi Germany. Dutch East Indies declared a state of siege and in July redirected exports for Japan to the United States and Britain. Negotiations with Japan aimed at securing supplies of aviation fuel in June 1941 failed, and the Japanese started their conquest of Southeast Asia in December of that year. That same month, factions from Sumatra Japanese assistance for a revolt against Dutch rule. The last Dutch forces were defeated Japan in March 1942.

Japanese Occupation
In July 1942, Sukarno accepted Japan's offer to hold a public campaign and form a government that can provide answers to the needs of the Japanese military. Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, and the Kyai gain respect from the Japanese Emperor in 1943. However, experience of the Japanese occupation of Indonesia varied considerably, depending on where one lives and social status of that person. For those who live in areas that are considered important in warfare, they suffered torture, involved sexual slavery, arbitrary detention and execution, and other war crimes. The Dutch and Indonesian-Dutch mix is the target of the Japanese occupation.

In March 1945 the Japanese formed Business Investigation Agency Preparation of Indonesian Independence (BPUPKI). At its first meeting in May, Soepomo spoke of national integration and against personal individualism; while Muhammad Yamin suggested that the new nation should at once claim to Sarawak, Sabah, Malaya, Portuguese Timor, and the whole area of the Dutch East Indies before the war.

On August 9, 1945 Sukarno, Hatta and Radjiman Wediodiningrat were flown to Vietnam to meet Marshal Terauchi. They were told that Japanese troops were to destruction but the Japanese want the independence of Indonesia on August 24.

Independence era
Proclamation of Independence
Hearing the news that Japan no longer has the power to make decisions like that on August 16, Sukarno reads the "Proclamation" on the next day. The news of the proclamation spread via radio and leaflets while the Indonesian military forces during wartime, Motherland Defenders Forces (PETA), the youth, and others immediately set out to maintain the residence of Sukarno.

On August 18, 1945 Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) inaugurated as President Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta as Vice President by the Constitution designed to use several days earlier. Later formed the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) as a temporary parliament until elections can be held. This group declared a new government on August 31 and want the Republic of Indonesia, which consists of 8 provinces: Sumatra, Borneo (excluding the territory of Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei), West Java, Central Java, East Java, Sulawesi, Maluku (including Papua) and East Nusa Southeast.

Independence War
From 1945 until 1949, the Australian maritime union was sympathetic to the business of independence, banned all Dutch shipping during this conflict that the Netherlands does not have the logistical support and supplies necessary to reshape the colonial power.

Dutch efforts to return to power facing a strong resistance. After returning to Java, Dutch forces soon recaptured the colonial capital of Batavia, as a result of the Yogyakarta as the capital of nationalist making them. On December 27, 1949 (see article on December 27, 1949), after four years of war and negotiation, Queen Juliana of the Netherlands transferred sovereignty to the Federal government of Indonesia. In 1950, Indonesia became the 60th member of the UN.

Parliamentary democracy
Not long after, Indonesia adopted a new law that consists of the parliamentary system where executive council elected by and responsible to the parliament or Assembly. Assembly divided the political parties before and after the first election in 1955, so that a stable coalition government difficult to achieve.

The role of Islam in Indonesia became a complicated task. Soekarno prefer a secular state based on Pancasila while some Muslim groups preferred an Islamic state or a law that contains a part that requires Muslims to surrender to the Parliamentary Islam.Demokrasi law, is a democracy that places a higher position than the legislature on the executive body . Heads of government headed by a Prime Minister. Prime ministers and ministers in the cabinet is appointed and dismissed by the parliament. In a parliamentary democracy President serving as head of state.

Guided Democracy
The failed rebellion in Sumatra, Sulawesi, West Java and other islands which began in 1958, plus the failure of the Assembly to develop a new constitution, weakened the parliamentary system of Indonesia. Consequently in 1959 when President Soekarno unilaterally revived the provisional 1945 constitution, which gives a great presidential power, he does not encounter many obstacles.

From 1959 until 1965, President Sukarno ruled in an authoritarian regime under the label of "Guided Democracy." He also moved Indonesia's foreign policy toward the non-aligned, policies that supported the leaders of important countries of the former colonies who rejected formal alliances with the Western bloc and the Soviet Bloc. The leaders gathered in Bandung, West Java in 1955 in the Asia-Africa summit to establish a foundation which later became the Non-Aligned Movement.

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Sukarno moved closer to Asian communist countries and the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) in the country. Although PKI is the world's largest communist party outside the Soviet Union and China, its mass support was never shown to the communist party, ideological obedience as in other countries.

The fate of the West Irian
At the time of independence, the Dutch government to maintain authority over the western island of New Guinea (Papua), and permitted steps toward self-government and the Declaration of independence on December 1, 1961.

Negotiations with the Netherlands concerning the merger with the Indonesian region failed, and his Indonesian paratroopers landed in New Guinea on December 18 before a battle between Indonesian and Dutch troops in 1961 and 1962. In 1962 the United States pressed the Dutch to agree to conduct secret talks with Indonesia, which produces the New York Agreement in August 1962, and Indonesia took over the power of Irian Jaya on May 1, 1963.

Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation
Sukarno opposed the formation of the Federation of Malaysia and mention that it is a "neo-colonial plan" to ease the UK commercial plans in the region. In addition to the formation of the Federation of Malaysia, this is considered to expand the influence of Western imperialist countries in Asia and provide a gap to the UK and Australia to influence the regional politics of Asia. Responding to the UN's decision to recognize the sovereignty of Malaysia and make Malaysia's non-permanent member of UN Security Council, President Sukarno of Indonesia announced his resignation from membership of the United Nations on January 20, 1965 and founded the New Power Conference (CONEFO) as the counterculture as the counterculture of the UN and GANEFO Olympics. In that year, this confrontation and lead to fighting between Indonesian troops and Malaysia (which is assisted by the British).

September 30th Movement
Until 1965, the PKI had mastered many of mass organization that was established by Sukarno to strengthen support for his regime and, with the approval of Sukarno, began a campaign to establish a "Fifth Generation" by arming its supporters. Military leaders opposed this.

On September 30, 1965, six senior generals and some other people were killed in a coup attempt blamed on the guards loyal to the Communist Party. Commander of the Army Strategic Command at the time, Major General Soeharto suppressed the coup and turned against the PKI. Suharto then use this situation to take over power. More than tens of thousands of people accused of communist and then murdered. Total death toll reaches at least 500 000 in 1966; the most severe occurred in Java and Bali.

New Order era
After Suharto became president, the first one who did was enroll Indonesia to the United Nations again. Indonesia on 19 September 1966 announced that Indonesia "intends to continue cooperation with the United Nations and continued participation in UN activities", and became a member of the United Nations back on September 28, 1966, exactly 16 years after Indonesia had accepted the first time.

In 1968, the Assembly was officially inaugurated Suharto for a term of five years as president, and he was then sworn in again in a row in 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, and 1998.

President Soeharto began his "New Order" in Indonesian politics and dramatically change the foreign policy and domestic from the road taken by Sukarno at the end of his term. New Order chose repair and economic development as its primary purpose, and travel policies through an administrative structure dominated by the military but with advice from Western-trained economists. During his reign, these policies, and the exploitation of natural resources on a large scale to produce significant economic growth but not evenly distributed in Indonesia. For example, the number of hungry people with a big minus in the 1970s and 1980s. He also enrich himself, his family, and co-sticking close by rampant corruption.

Irian Jaya
After refusing the supervision of the UN, the Indonesian government implemented "Act of Free Choice" (Action Options Free) in Irian Jaya in 1969 where 1025 representatives of the heads of Guinea region is selected and then given training in the Indonesian language. They ultimately chose to join the consensus of Indonesia. A UN General Assembly resolutions and ensure transfer of power to Indonesia. Resistance to Indonesian rule raises the activities of small-scale guerrilla in the following years after the transfer of power. In a more open atmosphere after 1998, these statements are more explicit that want independence from Indonesia has emerged.

Timur Timor (East Timor)
From 1596 until 1975, East Timor was a Portuguese colony on the island of Timor, known as Portuguese Timor and separated from the northern coast of Australia by the Timor Sea. As a result of political events in Portugal, Portuguese officials abruptly withdrew from East Timor in 1975. In local elections in 1975, Fretilin, the party that led in part by people who bring understanding of Marxism, and UDT, became the largest parties, having previously formed an alliance to campaign for independence from Portugal.

On December 7, 1975, Indonesian troops entered East Timor. Indonesia, which has a material and diplomatic support, assisted equipment supplied weaponry the United States and Australia, hopes to have East Timor they will acquire additional oil and natural gas reserves, and strategic location.

In the early days, the Indonesian military (ABRI) kills nearly 200,000 East Timorese - through murder, forced starvation and others. Many human rights violations during East Timor within Indonesia.

On August 30, 1999, the East Timorese vote for independence from Indonesia in a vote which held the UN. Approximately 99% of the population are entitled to elect to participate; 3/4-nya vote for independence. Immediately after the results were announced, rumored that continued destruction of the Indonesian military in East Timor, such as damage to infrastructure in the area.

In October 1999, Parliament canceled the 1976 decree integrating East Timor into Indonesia, and the United Nations Transitional Authority (UNTAET) took over responsibility for governing East Timor so that full independence is achieved in May 2002 as the country of Timor Leste.

The economic crisis
In mid-1997, Indonesia was attacked Asian financial and economic crisis (to more clearly see: The Asian financial crisis), accompanied by the worst drought in 50 years and the price of oil, gas and other export commodities are increasingly falling. Rupiah falls, inflation rises sharply, and capital movement is accelerated. The demonstrators, who initially led the students, demanding the resignation of Suharto. In the midst of an expanding mass anger, as well as thousands of students occupied the parliament building, Suharto resigned on May 21, 1998, three months after the MPR melantiknya for the service period is seven. Suharto then choose the Vice-President, B. J. Habibie, to become the third president of Indonesia.

Reform era
Habibie government
President Habibie immediately form a cabinet. One of the main tasks was to re-gain the support from the International Monetary Fund and the community of donor countries for economic recovery program. He also frees political prisoners and reduce controls on freedom of opinion and the activities of the organization.

Wahid government
Elections for the Assembly, the Parliament, and Parliament was held on June 7, 1999. PDI-P leader Sukarno's daughter, Megawati Sukarnoputri came out a winner in the parliamentary election by obtaining 34% of the vote, Golkar (Suharto's party - previously always been a winner the previous elections) obtained 22%; United Development Party leader Hamzah Haz 12%; Party the leadership of Abdurrahman Wahid's National Awakening (Gus Dur) 10%. In October 1999, the Assembly inaugurated as president Abdurrahman Wahid and Megawati as vice president for five-year service period. Wahid formed his first cabinet, the National Unity Cabinet in early November 1999 and to reshuffle his cabinet in August 2000.

President Wahid's government to continue the process of democratization and economic development under challenging situations. In addition to the economic uncertainty continues, the government also faces conflicts between ethnic and inter-religion, especially in Aceh, Maluku and Papua. In West Timor, the problems caused the East Timorese people who had no place to live and chaos that made the militant pro-Indonesia East Timorese cause humanitarian problems and large social. An increasingly assertive Parliament frequently challenged the policies of President Wahid, causing political debate overflowing.

Megawati Government
At the first General Session on August 2000, President Wahid gave an account. On January 29, 2001, thousands of demonstrators stormed the Assembly and requested the President to resign due to alleged involvement in corruption scandals. Under pressure from the Assembly to improve the management and coordination within the government, he issued a presidential decree giving the state power everyday to Vice President Megawati. Megawati took over as president shortly kemudian.Kabinet during the administration of Megawati's cabinet called by mutual cooperation.

Yudhoyono administration
In 2004, the largest one-day election in the world is held and Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono emerged as the new president of Indonesia. The new government at the beginning of his tenure has received numerous trials and challenges, such as major earthquakes in Aceh and Nias in December 2004 that meluluh lantakkan part of Aceh as well as other earthquakes in early 2005 that rocked Sumatra.

On July 17, 2005, an historic agreement was reached between the Indonesian government and Free Aceh Movement aimed at ending a 30-year conflict in Aceh.

Source: Wikipedia.org

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